
Available For:




The TEM Optical Bulk Liquid Electrochemistry sample holder integrates a sealed microfluidic cell, true bulk reference electrode (RE) and counter electrode (CE) positioned off chip, and a fiber optic feedthrough to allow accurate photo-electrochemical control within the TEM. A real Ag/AgCl RE provides stable reference potentials, while the bulk CE supports consistent current flow, eliminating scan instability and drift common in on-chip 3-electrode systems. Electrolyte flows through the cell while electrochemical cycling is performed on the working electrode under direct nanoscale e-beam observation and stimulation by a light source.
This architecture decouples electrochemical performance from geometric and material limitations of on-chip microfabricated electrodes, delivering reproducible current–voltage responses with well-defined redox peaks that closely match bulk photo-electroanalytical behavior.